De Patch Para Fm 2008' title='De Patch Para Fm 2008' />Synthesizer Wikipedia. Early Minimoog by R. BibMe Free Bibliography Citation Maker MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. Activex Viewer Download there. Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. DAncey, Graham Philip UK Alluma 1983 Freedom False Prophet 1983 S The Sacred Project 2008 recorded in 1980 S Londonborn musician currently residing. Background The value of continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus has not been determined. Methods In a multicenter clinical trial. De Patch Para Fm 2008' title='De Patch Para Fm 2008' />A. Moog Inc. ca. A synthesizer often abbreviated as synth, also spelled synthesiser is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate traditional musical instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. They are often played with a musical keyboard, but they can be controlled via a variety of other input devices, including music sequencers, instrument controllers, fingerboards, guitar synthesizers, wind controllers, and electronic drums. Microsoft. The fiercely competitive software giant is positioning its wares for cloud computing with software and services. The companys two cash cows operating. InformationWeek. com News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peertopeer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. Get the latest international news and world events from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and more. See world news photos and videos at ABCNews. Synthesizers without built in controllers are often called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CVgate using a controller device, often a MIDI keyboard or other controller. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals sounds. Among the most popular waveform synthesis techniques are subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis, wavetable synthesis, frequency modulation synthesis, phase distortion synthesis, physical modeling synthesis and sample based synthesis. Synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1. In the late 1. 97. In the 1. 98. 0s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, Yamaha DX7 synth made digital synthesizers widely available. In the 2. 01. 0s, synthesizers are used in many genres of pop, rock and dance music. Contemporary classical musiccomposers from the 2. HistoryeditThe beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. Early electric instrumentseditOne of the earliest electric musical instruments, the Musical Telegraph, was invented in 1. American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self vibrating electromechanical circuit, and invented a basic single note oscillator. This instrument used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a vibrating diaphragm in a magnetic field, to make the oscillator audible. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy and electric buzzers that generated fixed timbre sound. Though it lacked an arbitrary sound synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. Early additive synthesizer tonewheel organseditIn 1. Thaddeus Cahill invented the Telharmonium or Dynamophone, which used dynamos early electric generator,5 and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, which was invented in 1. Cahill built 3 versions of the instrument, the first of which, weighed over two tons. Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons size of system, rapid evolutions of electronics, crosstalk issues on the telephone line etc., and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. Emergence of electronics and early electronic instrumentseditIn 1. American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age. He invented the first amplifyingvacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films. These new technologies also influenced the music industry, and resulted in various early electronic musical instruments that used vacuum tubes, including Most of these early instruments used heterodyne circuits to produce audio frequencies, and were limited in their synthesis capabilities. Ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. Graphical soundeditIn the 1. Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art,9 and similar graphical sound systems were developed around the world, such as those as seen on the Holzer 2. In 1. 93. 8, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. Although his idea of reconstructing a sound from its visible image was apparently simple, the instrument was not realized until 2. Murzin was an engineer who worked in areas unrelated to music Kreichi 1. Subtractive synthesis and polyphonic synthesizereditIn the 1. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States. The Warbo Formant Organ developed by Harald Bode in Germany in 1. Dachau, according to the 1. Electronic Music. The Hammond Novachord released in 1. During the three years that Hammond manufactured this model, 1,0. World War II. 1. 51. Both instruments were the forerunners of the later electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers. Monophonic electronic keyboardseditIn the 1. These small instruments consisted of an electronic oscillator, vibrato effect, passive filters etc. Most of these except for Clavivox were designed for conventional ensembles, rather than as experimental instruments for electronic music studiosbut they contributed to the evolution of modern synthesizers. These small instruments included Other innovationseditIn the late 1. Canadian inventor and composer, Hugh Le Caine invented the Electronic Sackbut, a voltage controlled electronic musical instrument that provided the earliest real time control of three aspects of sound volume, pitch, and timbrecorresponding to todays touch sensitive keyboard, pitch and modulation controllers. The controllers were initially implemented as a multidimensional pressure keyboard in 1. In Japan, as early as in 1. Yamaha released Magna organ,1. It may have been similar to the electrostatic reed organs developed by Frederick Albert Hoschke in 1. Everett and Wurlitzer until 1. In 1. 94. 9, Japanese composer Minao Shibata discussed the concept of a musical instrument with very high performance that can synthesize any kind of sound waves and is. Electronic music studios as sound synthesizerseditAfter World War II, electronic music including electroacoustic music and musique concrte was created by contemporary composers, and numerous electronic music studios were established around the world, especially in Cologne, Paris and Milan. These studios were typically filled with electronic equipment including oscillators, filters, tape recorders, audio consoles etc., and the whole studio functioned as a sound synthesizer. Origin of the term sound synthesizereditIn 1. RCA produced a machine called the Electronic Music Synthesizer however, it was more accurately a composition machine, because it did not produce sounds in real time. RCA then developed the first programmable sound synthesizer, RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer, installing it at the Columbia Princeton Electronic Music Center in 1. Prominent composers including Vladimir Ussachevsky, Otto Luening, Milton Babbitt, Halim El Dabh, Blent Arel, Charles Wuorinen, and Mario Davidovsky used the RCA Synthesizer extensively in various compositions. From modular synthesizer to popular musiceditIn 1. Harald Bode developed a modular synthesizer and sound processor,2. He also served as AES session chairman on music and electronic for the fall conventions in 1. His ideas were adopted by Donald Buchla and Robert Moog in the United States, and Paolo Ketoffet al. Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes. A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. CHD, coronary heart disease. CKD, chronic kidney disease. CVD, cardiovascular disease. DPP, Diabetes Prevention Program. FDA, Food and Drug Administration. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus. MNT, medical nutrition therapy. RDA, recommended dietary allowance. USDA, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Medical nutrition therapy MNT is important in preventing diabetes, managing existing diabetes, and preventing, or at least slowing, the rate of development of diabetes complications. It is, therefore, important at all levels of diabetes prevention see Table 1. MNT is also an integral component of diabetes self management education or training. This position statement provides evidence based recommendations and interventions for diabetes MNT. The previous position statement with accompanying technical review was published in 2. This statement updates previous position statements, focuses on key references published since the year 2. American Diabetes Association evidence grading system. Since overweight and obesity are closely linked to diabetes, particular attention is paid to this area of MNT. The goal of these recommendations is to make people with diabetes and health care providers aware of beneficial nutrition interventions. This requires the use of the best available scientific evidence while taking into account treatment goals, strategies to attain such goals, and changes individuals with diabetes are willing and able to make. Achieving nutrition related goals requires a coordinated team effort that includes the person with diabetes and involves him or her in the decision making process. It is recommended that a registered dietitian, knowledgeable and skilled in MNT, be the team member who plays the leading role in providing nutrition care. However, it is important that all team members, including physicians and nurses, be knowledgeable about MNT and support its implementation. MNT, as illustrated in Table 1, plays a role in all three levels of diabetes related prevention targeted by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Primary prevention interventions seek to delay or halt the development of diabetes. This involves public health measures to reduce the prevalence of obesity and includes MNT for individuals with pre diabetes. Secondary and tertiary prevention interventions include MNT for individuals with diabetes and seek to prevent secondary or control tertiary complications of diabetes. GOALS OF MNT FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DIABETESGoals of MNT that apply to individuals at risk for diabetes or with pre diabetes. To decrease the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease CVD by promoting healthy food choices and physical activity leading to moderate weight loss that is maintained. Goals of MNT that apply to individuals with diabetes Achieve and maintain Blood glucose levels in the normal range or as close to normal as is safely possible. A lipid and lipoprotein profile that reduces the risk for vascular disease. Blood pressure levels in the normal range or as close to normal as is safely possible To prevent, or at least slow, the rate of development of the chronic complications of diabetes by modifying nutrient intake and lifestyle To address individual nutrition needs, taking into account personal and cultural preferences and willingness to change To maintain the pleasure of eating by only limiting food choices when indicated by scientific evidence. Goals of MNT that apply to specific situations For youth with type 1 diabetes, youth with type 2 diabetes, pregnant and lactating women, and older adults with diabetes, to meet the nutritional needs of these unique times in the life cycle. For individuals treated with insulin or insulin secretagogues, to provide self management training for safe conduct of exercise, including the prevention and treatment of hypoglycemia, and diabetes treatment during acute illness. EFFECTIVENESS OF MNTRecommendations. Individuals who have pre diabetes or diabetes should receive individualized MNT such therapy is best provided by a registered dietitian familiar with the components of diabetes MNT. BNutrition counseling should be sensitive to the personal needs, willingness to change, and ability to make changes of the individual with pre diabetes or diabetes. EClinical trialsoutcome studies of MNT have reported decreases in Hb. A1c A1. C of 1 in type 1 diabetes and 12 in type 2 diabetes, depending on the duration of diabetes 3,4. Meta analysis of studies in nondiabetic, free living subjects and expert committees report that MNT reduces LDL cholesterol by 1. After initiation of MNT, improvements were apparent in 36 months. Meta analysis and expert committees also support a role for lifestyle modification in treating hypertension 7,8. ENERGY BALANCE, OVERWEIGHT, AND OBESITYRecommendations. In overweight and obese insulin resistant individuals, modest weight loss has been shown to improve insulin resistance. Thus, weight loss is recommended for all such individuals who have or are at risk for diabetes. AFor weight loss, either low carbohydrate or low fat calorie restricted diets may be effective in the short term up to 1 year. The Keys Of This Blood By Malachi Martin Pdf. AFor patients on low carbohydrate diets, monitor lipid profiles, renal function, and protein intake in those with nephropathy, and adjust hypoglycemic therapy as needed. EPhysical activity and behavior modification are important components of weight loss programs and are most helpful in maintenance of weight loss. BWeight loss medications may be considered in the treatment of overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes and can help achieve a 51. BBariatric surgery may be considered for some individuals with type 2 diabetes and BMI 3. The long term benefits and risks of bariatric surgery in individuals with pre diabetes or diabetes continue to be studied. BThe importance of controlling body weight in reducing risks related to diabetes is of great importance. Therefore, these nutrition recommendations start by considering energy balance and weight loss strategies. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines define overweight as BMI 2. BMI 3. 0 kgm. 2 9. The risk of comorbidity associated with excess adipose tissue increases with BMIs in this range and above. However, clinicians should be aware that in some Asian populations, the proportion of people at high risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD is significant at BMIs of 2. Visceral body fat, as measured by waist circumference 3. BMI to assess risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD Table 2 9. Lower waist circumference cut points 3. Asian populations 1. Because of the effects of obesity on insulin resistance, weight loss is an important therapeutic objective for individuals with pre diabetes or diabetes 1. However, long term weight loss is difficult for most people to accomplish. This is probably because the central nervous system plays an important role in regulating energy intake and expenditure. Short term studies have demonstrated that moderate weight loss 5 of body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes is associated with decreased insulin resistance, improved measures of glycemia and lipemia, and reduced blood pressure 1. Longer term studies 5. A1. C 1. 4, although improvement in A1. C was not seen in all studies 1.