REFERENCES+BOOKS-+Contemporary+nutrition+support+practice+%E2%80%93.jpg' alt='Krause Nutrition Book Latest Version' title='Krause Nutrition Book Latest Version' />Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk From the American Academy of Pediatrics. Abstract. Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. Given the documented short and long term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding, infant nutrition should be considered a public health issue and not only a lifestyle choice. The American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. Infant growth should be monitored with the World Health Organization WHO Growth Curve Standards to avoid mislabeling infants as underweight or failing to thrive. Hospital routines to encourage and support the initiation and sustaining of exclusive breastfeeding should be based on the American Academy of Pediatrics endorsed WHOUNICEF Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. National strategies supported by the US Surgeon Generals Call to Action, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The Joint Commission are involved to facilitate breastfeeding practices in US hospitals and communities. Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad. The Business Case for Breastfeeding details how mothers can maintain lactation in the workplace and the benefits to employers who facilitate this practice. KEY WORDSAbbreviations AAP American Academy of Pediatrics. AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. BibMe Free Bibliography Citation Maker MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. Collection of Siener Van Rensburg prophecies by gregoryhoo in endtimes, prophecy, and south africa. CI confidence interval. CMV cytomegalovirus. DHA docosahexaenoic acid. NEC necrotizing enterocolitis. OR odds ratio. SIDS sudden infant death syndrome. WHO World Health Organization. Juego Tetris Clasico Gratis Descargar. Introduction. Six years have transpired since publication of the last policy statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics AAP regarding breastfeeding. Recently published research and systematic reviews have reinforced the conclusion that breastfeeding and human milk are the reference normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. The current statement updates the evidence for this conclusion and serves as a basis for AAP publications that detail breastfeeding management and infant nutrition, including the AAP Breastfeeding Handbook for Physicians,2. Clinical Guidelines, Diagnosis and Treatment Manuals, Handbooks, Clinical Textbooks, Treatment Protocols, etc. Leading research to understand, treat, and prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. Whole Body Vibrational Training can provide a host of impressive health benefits, all while significantly reducing your workout time. Krauses-Food-and-Nutrition-Care-Process-14e.jpg' alt='Krause Nutrition Book Latest Version' title='Krause Nutrition Book Latest Version' />AAP Sample Hospital Breastfeeding Policy for Newborns,3. AAP Breastfeeding Residency Curriculum,4 and the AAP Safe and Healthy Beginnings Toolkit. The AAP reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Driver Hp Compaq 8100 Elite Sff Pc. Krause Nutrition Book Latest Version' title='Krause Nutrition Book Latest Version' />Epidemiology. Information regarding breastfeeding rates and practices in the United States is available from a variety of government data sets, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC National Immunization Survey,6 the NHANES,7 and Maternity Practices and Infant Nutrition and Care. Drawing on these data and others, the CDC has published the Breastfeeding Report Card, which highlights the degree of progress in achieving the breastfeeding goals of the Healthy People 2. Table 1. 91. 1TABLE 1. Healthy People Targets 2. The rate of initiation of breastfeeding for the total US population based on the latest National Immunization Survey data are 7. This overall rate, however, obscures clinically significant sociodemographic and cultural differences. For example, the breastfeeding initiation rate for the Hispanic or Latino population was 8. I/51kZuf74TwL._SR600%2C315_PIWhiteStrip%2CBottomLeft%2C0%2C35_PIStarRatingONE%2CBottomLeft%2C360%2C-6_SR600%2C315_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg' alt='Krause Nutrition Book Latest Version' title='Krause Nutrition Book Latest Version' />Hispanic black or African American population, it was 5. Among low income mothers participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children WIC, the breastfeeding initiation rate was 6. WIC, it was 8. 4. Breastfeeding initiation rate was 3. Hispanic black mothers. Similar disparities are age related mothers younger than 2. The lowest rates of initiation were seen among non Hispanic black mothers younger than 2. Although over the past decade, there has been a modest increase in the rate of any breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months, in none of the subgroups have the Healthy People 2. For example, the 6 month any breastfeeding rate for the total US population was 4. Mercury Center'>Mercury Center. Hispanic or Latino subgroup was 4. Hispanic black or African American subgroup was only 2. Rates of exclusive breastfeeding are further from Healthy People 2. US population meeting the recommendation to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Thus, it appears that although the breastfeeding initiation rates have approached the 2. Healthy People targets, the targets for duration of any breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding have not been met. Furthermore, 2. 4 of maternity services provide supplements of commercial infant formula as a general practice in the first 4. These observations have led to the conclusion that the disparities in breastfeeding rates are also associated with variations in hospital routines, independent of the populations served. As such, it is clear that greater emphasis needs to be placed on improving and standardizing hospital based practices to realize the newer 2. Table 1. Infant Outcomes. Methodologic Issues. Breastfeeding results in improved infant and maternal health outcomes in both the industrialized and developing world. Major methodologic issues have been raised as to the quality of some of these studies, especially as to the size of the study populations, quality of the data set, inadequate adjustment for confounders, absence of distinguishing between any or exclusive breastfeeding, and lack of a defined causal relationship between breastfeeding and the specific outcome. In addition, there are inherent practical and ethical issues that have precluded prospective randomized interventional trials of different feeding regimens. As such, the majority of published reports are observational cohort studies and systematic reviewsmeta analyses. To date, the most comprehensive publication that reviews and analyzes the published scientific literature that compares breastfeeding and commercial infant formula feeding as to health outcomes is the report prepared by the Evidence based Practice Centers of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AHRQ of the US Department of Health Human Services titled Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries. The following sections summarize and update the AHRQ meta analyses and provide an expanded analysis regarding health outcomes. Table 2 summarizes the dose response relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and its protective effect. TABLE 2. Dose Response Benefits of Breastfeedinga. Respiratory Tract Infections and Otitis Media. The risk of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections in the first year is reduced 7. Infants who exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months had a fourfold increase in the risk of pneumonia compared with infants who exclusively breastfed for more than 6 months.