Scourge is Galvatrons implacable tracker and leader of his own cadr of huntsmen, the deadly Sweeps. He was created by Unicron from the remains of a dead Decepticon. Road Wikipedia. This article is about a route, thoroughfare or way that supports travel by a means of conveyance. For a place outside a port a ship can lie at anchor, see Roadstead. For public roads, see Highway. For other routes, see Thoroughfare. For other uses, see Road disambiguation. A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse. Roads consist of one or two roadways British English carriageways, each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks British English pavement and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads. NOTE November 1, 2016. This post has been updated based on the new things Ive learned about these images since posting the original article. I was doin. Welcome to an Engaged Community Theres a better way to personalize your website experience. With myConnection, the profile you create allows you to set up a unique. Your daily source of hunting and fishing content thats smart, funny, engaging and as outdoorobsessed as you are. DefinitionseditThe Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD defines a road as a line of communication travelled way using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels, which includes bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel. Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. United KingdomeditIn the United Kingdom there is some ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for road users. For the purposes of the English law, Highways Act 1. England and Wales but not Scotland or Northern Ireland, the term road is defined to be any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes. This includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty, a road use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway there is no formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1. 98. 4 ruling said the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction. Another legal view is that while a highway historically included footpaths, bridleways, driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those ways that allow the movement of motor vehicles, and the term rights of way can be used to cover the wider usage. United StateseditIn the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled. Historyedit. The Porta Rosa, a Greek street dating from the 3rd to 4th century BC in Velia, with a paved surface and gutters. Old tractor road over farmland, Ystad, Sweden. Pipeline Toolbox Crack' title='Pipeline Toolbox Crack' />The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted in many cases animals do not follow constant paths. Others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of this type of road origination, where man and animal both selected the same natural line. By about 1. 0,0. 00 BC, rough roadspathways were used by human travelers. The worlds oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2. BC. 1. 6Stone paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4. BC. 4Corduroy roads log roads are found dating to 4. BC in Glastonbury, England. The Sweet Track, a timber track causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3. BC or spring 3. 80. BC, tree ring dating Dendrochronology enabled very precise dating. It was claimed to be the oldest road in the world1. Plumstead, London. Brick paved streets were used in India as early as 3. BC. 4In 5. 00 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for the Achaemenid Empire Persia, including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time,2. Sardis the westernmost major city of the empire to Susa. The road remained in use after Roman times. The easternmost destinations of these road systems were in Bactria and India. In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport by road,1. A hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1. From about 3. 12 BC, the Roman Empire built straight2. Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 2. Rome and covering 7. Roman miles of paved roads. In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire. The most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar. Tar was derived from petroleum, accessed from oil fields in the region, through the chemical process of destructive distillation. The Highways Act 1. Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads from government to local parishes. This resulted in a poor and variable state of roads. To remedy this, the first of the Turnpike trusts was established around 1. Eventually there were approximately 1,1. Britain and some 3. The Rebecca Riots in Carmarthenshire and Rhayader from 1. Royal Commission that led to the demise of the system in 1. UK railway system. The subject of road design is considered part of highway engineering. Structural road design is the science of designing a road for its environment in order to extend its longevity and reduce maintenance. The Shell pavement design method is used in many countries for the design of new asphalt roadsides. Road terminologyeditAlignmentthe route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves. Adverse camberwhere a road slopes towards the outside of a bend, increasing the likelihood that vehicles travelling at speed will skid or topple. Usually only a temporary situation during road maintenance. All weather road. Unpaved road that is constructed of a material that does not create mud during rainfall. Banked turn. Bicycle boulevard. A motorway open to all traffic but optimized for cycling. Cycling infrastructurecycling friendly infrastructure integrated into the roadway or in its own right of way. Camber or crownthe slope of the road surface downwards away from the centre of the road, so that surface water can flow freely to the edge of the carriageway, or on bends angling of the surface to lean traffic into the bend reducing the chance of a skid. Cantsuperelevation. Cross slope. The slope of the pavement, expressed as units of rise per unit of run, or as a percentage. Gradelongitudinal slope. Belisha Beaconan orange globe, lit at night, used to highlight a pedestrian crossing. A beach road Newcastle NSW AustraliaBollard. Rigid posts that can be arranged in a line to close a road or path to vehicles above a certain width. List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production. The oil and gas industry uses many acronyms and abbreviations. This list is meant for indicative purposes only and should not be relied upon for anything but general information. C Proved Contingent Resources. P Proven reserves. C Proved and probable Contingent Resources. D two dimensional geophysics2. P proved and probable reserves. C three components seismic acquisition x,y and z3. C Proved, probable and possible Contingent Resources. D three dimensional geophysics3. P proved, probable and possible reserves. D multiple 3. Ds acquired over time the 4th D over the same area with the same parameters geophysics8rd eight round describes the number of revolutions per inch of pipe threadA Appraisal wellAADE American Association of Drilling Engineers1AAPG American Association of Petroleum Geologists2AAPL American Association of Professional Landmen. AAODC American Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors obsolete superseded by IADCAAV Annulus Access Valve. ABAN Abandonment, also as AB and ABDABSA Alberta Boilers Safety Association. ACHE Air Cooled Heat Exchanger. ACOU Acoustic. ACQU Acquisition log. ADE Advanced Decision Making Environment. ADEP Awaiting Development with Exploration Potential, referring to an asset. ADROC advanced rock properties report. ADT Applied Drilling Technology, ADT log. ADM Advanced Diagnostics Module FieldbusAFE Authorization For Expenditure, a process of submitting a business proposal to investors. AFP Active Fire Protection. AGRU acid gas removal unit. Amex Premium Car Rental Protection Program more. AGT Agitator, used in Drilling. AHBDF along hole depth below Derrick floor. AHD along hole depth. AHU Air Handling Unit. AICD autonomous inflow control device. AIPSM Asset Integrity and Process Safety Management. AIR Assurance Interface and Risk. AIRG airgun. AIRRE airgun report. AIT array induction tool. AL appraisal license United Kingdom, a type of onshore licence issued before 1. ALAP as low as possible used along with density of mudALARP as low as reasonably practicable. ALC aertical seismic profile acoustic log calibration report. ALLMS Anchor Leg Load Monitoring System. ALQ Additional Living Quarters. ALR acoustic log reporta. MDEA activated methyldiethanolamine. AMS auxiliary measurement service log Auxiliary Measurement Sonde temperatureAMSL above mean sea level. AMI area of mutal interest. AMV annulus master valve3ANACO analysis of core logs report. ANARE analysis report. AOF absolute open flow. AOFP absolute open flow potential. AOL Arrive on location. APD application for permit to drill. API American Petroleum Institute organization which sets unit standards in the oil and gas industry. APPRE appraisal report. APS active pipe support. APWD annular pressure while drilling tool 2ARACL array acoustic log. ARESV analysis of reservoir. ARI azimuthal resistivity image. ARRC array acoustic report. ART actuator running tool. AS array sonic processing log. ASI ASI log. ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASOG Activity Specific Operating Guidelines. ASP array sonic processing report. ASP Alkali Surfactant Polymer. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials. ASCSSV annulus surface controlled sub surface valve3ASV Anti Surge Valve. ASV Annular Safety Valve. ASV Accommodation and Support Vessel. ATD application to drill. ATU Auto Top up Unit. AUV authonomus underwater vehicle. AV annular velocity or apparent viscosity. AVGMS Annulus Vent Gas Monitoring System. AVO amplitude versus offset geophysicsAWBV annulus wing blockvalve XTAWO approval for well operation. ATM at the moment. B or b prefix denoting a number in billions. BA Bottom Assembly of a riserbbl barrel. BBG Buy Back Gas. BBSM behaviour based safety management. BCPD barrels condensate per day. Bcf billion cubic feet of natural gasBcfe billion cubic feet of natural gas equivalentBDF below derrick floor. BDL bit data log. BDV blowdown valve. BGL borehole geometry log. BGL below ground level used as a datum for depths in a wellBGS British Geological Survey. BGT borehole geometry tool. BGWP base of ground water protection. BH bloodhound. BHA bottom hole assembly toolstring on coiled tubing or drill pipeBHC BHC gamma ray log. BHCA BHC acoustic log. BHCS BHC sonic log. BHCT bottomhole circulating temperature. BHL borehole log. BHP bottom hole pressure. BHPRP borehole pressure report. BHSRE bottom hole sampling report. BHSS borehole seismic survey. BHT bottomhole temperature. BHTV borehole television report. BINXQ bond index quicklook log. BIOR biostratigraphic range log. BIORE biostratigraphy study report. BSLM Bend Stiffener Latch Mechanism. BIVDL BIDKWFCasing collar locatorgamma ray log. BLI bottom of logging interval. BO back off logboe barrels of oil equivalentboed barrels of oil equivalent per day. BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy Managementboepd barrels of oil equivalent per day. BOB back on bottom. BOD Biological Oxygen Demand. BOM bill of materials. BOP blowout preventer. BOP bottom of pipe. BOPD barrels of oil per day. BOPE blowout prevention equipment. BOREH borehole seismic analysis. BOSIET basic offshore safety induction and emergency training. BOTHL bottom hole locator log. BOTTO bottom hole pressuretemperature report. BP bridge plug. BPD barrels per day. BPH barrels per hour. BPFL borehole profile log. BPLUG baker plug. BPO By Pass Override. BPV back pressure valve goes on the end of coiled tubing a drill pipe tool strings to prevent fluid flow in the wrong directionBQL BQL log. BRPLG bridge plug log. BRT below rotary table used as a datum for depths in a wellBS Bend Stiffener. BS bumper sub. BS Booster Station. BSEE US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement4 formerly the MMSBSG Black Start Generator. BSR blind shear rams blowout preventerBSML below sea mean level. BS W basic sediments and water. BT buoyancy tank. BTEX benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene. BTHL bottom hole log. BTOC break to openclose valve torqueBTU British thermal units. BU bottom up. BUL bottom up lag. BUR build up rate. BVO ball valve operatorbwd barrels of water per day often used in reference to oil productionbwpd barrels of water per day. C E well completion and equipment cost. C S cased and suspended. C1 methane. C2 ethane. C3 propane. C4 butane. C6 hexanes. C7 heavy hydrocarbon components. CA core analysis log. CAAF Contract Authorization Approval Form. CALI calliper log. CALOG circumferential acoustic log. CALVE calibrated velocity log data. CAODC Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors. CAPP Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. CART cam actuated running tool housing running toolCART Cap Replacement Tool. CAS casing log. CAT Connector Actuating Tool. CB core barrel. CBIL CBIL log. CBL cement bond log measurement of casing cement integrityCBM choke bridge module XT choke. CBM conventional buoy mooring. CBM coal bed methane. CCHT core chart log. CCL casing collar locator in perforation or completion operations, the tool provides depths by correlation of the casing strings magnetic anomaly with known casing featuresCCLBD Construction Commissioning Logic Block Diagram.