List of diving hazards and precautions. Divers face specific physical and health risks when they go underwater with scuba or other diving equipment, or use high pressure breathing gas. Some of these factors also affect people who work in raised pressure environments out of water, for example in caissons. Freeofcharge distribution Permission is granted. This page contains material which is kept because it is considered humorous. Please do not take it seriously. Hotwapi. Com is a mobile toplist for mobile web sites. We have over 2000 registered sites. Sky Go Hack For Free there. Usage Statistics for communitygaze. Summary Period May 2016 Search String Generated 08Oct2017 0208 PDT. Download the free trial version below to get started. Doubleclick the downloaded file to install the software. 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This article lists hazards that a diver may be exposed to during a dive, and possible consequences of these hazards, with some details of the proximate causes of the listed consequences. A listing is also given of precautions that may be taken to reduce vulnerability, either by reducing the risk or mitigating the consequences. A hazard that is understood and acknowledged may present a lower risk if appropriate precautions are taken, and the consequences may be less severe if mitigation procedures are planned and in place. Free Download Full Metal Panic Season 2 Sub Indo Episode 12' title='Free Download Full Metal Panic Season 2 Sub Indo Episode 12' />Search metadata Search full text of books Search TV captions Search archived web sites Advanced Search. A hazard is any agent or situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. Most hazards remain dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm, and when a hazard becomes active, and produces undesirable consequences, it is called an incident and may culminate in an emergency or accident. Hazard and vulnerability interact with likelihood of occurrence to create risk, which can be the probability of a specific undesirable consequence of a specific hazard, or the combined probability of undesirable consequences of all the hazards of a specific activity. The presence of a combination of several hazards simultaneously is common in diving, and the effect is generally increased risk to the diver, particularly where the occurrence of an incident due to one hazard triggers other hazards with a resulting cascade of incidents. Many diving fatalities are the result of a cascade of incidents overwhelming the diver, who should be able to manage any single reasonably foreseeable incident. The assessed risk of a dive would generally be considered unacceptable if the diver is not expected to cope with any single reasonably foreseeable incident with a significant probability of occurrence during that dive. Precisely where the line is drawn depends on circumstances. Commercial diving operations tend to be less tolerant of risk than recreational, particularly technical divers, who are less constrained by occupational health and safety legislation. Decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism in recreational diving are associated with certain demographic, environmental, and dive style factors. A statistical study published in 2. No significant associations with decompression sickness or arterial gas embolism were found for asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, smoking, or body mass index. Increased depth, previous DCI, days diving, and being male were associated with higher risk for decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism. Nitrox and drysuit use, greater frequency of diving in the past year, increasing age, and years since certification were associated with lower risk, possibly as indicators of more extensive training and experience. According to a North American 1. Japanese study, every hour of recreational diving is 3. The aquatic environmenteditHazard. Consequences. Cause. Avoidance and prevention. Any liquid environment. Asphyxia by drowning. Near drowning is the survival of a drowning event involving unconsciousness or water inhalation and can lead to serious secondary complications, including death, after the event. Inhalation of liquid water, usually causing laryngospasm and suffocation caused by water entering the lungs and preventing the absorption of oxygen leading to cerebral hypoxia. Avoid out of air emergencies underwater. Provide appropriate buoyancy. Avoid or prevent accidents resulting in unconsciousness. Use of a full face mask. Use of helmet. Use of surface supplied diving equipment with voice communications. Adequate swimming skills and fitness for the circumstances. Use of snorkel when appropriate. Lifejackets that hold the wearers face above the water may be worn when appropriate. Secondary drowning can take place up to 7. Physiological responses to contaminants in the lung due to inhalation of liquid. Exudation of liquid into the lungs pulmonary edema over the hours following aspiration of liquid, which reduces the ability to exchange air and can lead to a person drowning in their own body fluid. Aspiration of vomit can have a similar effect. Prompt and appropriate medical treatment after near drowning. Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environmenteditHazard. Consequences. Cause. Avoidance and prevention. Oxygenpartial pressure in the breathing gas is too low to sustain normal activity or consciousness. Hypoxia Reduced level of consciousness, seizures, coma, death. Severe hypoxia induces a blue discoloration of the skin, called cyanosis, but this may also be present in a diver due to peripheral vasoconstriction resulting from exposure to cold. There is typically no warning of onset or development. The extreme case, anoxia, implies an absence of oxygen and is rapidly fatal. Equipment failure A faulty or misused rebreather can provide the diver with hypoxic gas. Correct maintenance, preparation and pre use procedures and checks. Correct use of recommended procedures and checklists when preparing for use. Adequate and redundant instrumentation for monitoring gas quality during use. Professional Tax Software Pricing. Constant vigilance during use. Adequate bailout facilities in case of failure. Adequate training in the use of rebreathers in general and the specific model. Some breathing gas mixtures for deep diving such as trimix and heliox are hypoxic at shallow depths, and do not contain enough oxygen to maintain consciousness, or sometimes life, at or near the surface. Gas requirements planned to suit the intended dive profile. Use of a travel mix for descent and a decompression mix for ascent through the depth range where the bottom gas is hypoxic. Safe procedures used for gas changes. Gas switches planned and executed at appropriate depths. Depth and ascent rate accurately monitored and controlled. Clear and unambiguous identification of cylinder gases. Adequate training in the use of mixed gases. Internal corrosion of full cylinder standing for a long time can potentially use up some of the oxygen in the contained gas before the diver uses the cylinder. Routine periodical inspection and testing of cylinders. Analysis of oxygen fraction of gas before use, particularly if cylinder has been stored for a long time. Loss of breathing gas supply. May result in drowning, occasionally asphyxia without water aspiration. Equipment failure Several modes are possible. Closing and jamming of the cylinder valve by rolloff on something overhead rotation of the knob to close the valve by friction when dragged along in contact with a surface, or by kelp when pushing through dense kelp. Rupture of a bursting disc overpressure protection on a cylinder valve a thin metal membrane calibrated to fail if the pressure exceeds a safe value for the cylinder. Rupture of a regulator hose or loss of the end component, leaving an open hose end. Unrecoverable free flow of a second stage valve jammed open, allowing gas to escape even when not needed by the diver. Freezing of a first stage regulator, locking the valve mechanism open, and consequent free flow of the demand valve due to excessive interstage pressure. O ring failure at the connection of a regulator to a cylinder valve. Windows Xp Sp3 Jpn Iso. Appropriate maintenance and servicing of equipment.